摘自《Android系统原理及开发要点详解》
Android启动脚本init.rc
在 Android中使用启动脚本init.rc,可以在系统的初始化过程中进行一些简单的初始化操作。这个脚本被直接安装到目标系统的根文件系统中,被 init可执行程序解析。 init.rc是在init启动后被执行的启动脚本,其语法主要包含了以下内容:
Commands:命令
Actions: 动作
Triggers:触发条件
Services:服务
Options: 选项
Propertise:属性
(1) Commands是一些基本的操作,例如:
mkdir /sdcard 0000 system system
mkdir /system
mkdir /data 0771 system system
mkdir /cache 0770 system cache
mkdir /config 0500 root root
mkdir /sqlite_stmt_journals 01777 root root
mount tmpfs tmpfs /sqlite_stmt_journals size=4m
这些命令在init可执行程序中被解析,然后调用相关的函数来实现。
(2) Actions(动作)表示一系列的命令,通常在Triggers(触发条件)中调用,动作和触发条件的形式为:
on <trigger>
<command>
<command>
<command>
动作的使用示例如下:
on init
export PATH /sbin:/system/sbin:/system/bin:/system/xbin
mkdir /system
init表示一个触发条件,这个触发事件发生后,进行设置环境变量和建立目录的操作称为一个“动作”
(3) Services(服务)通常表示启动一个可执行程序,Options(选项)是服务的附加内容,用于配合服务使用。
service vold /system/bin/vold
socket vold stream 0660 root mount
service bootsound /system/bin/playmp3
user media
group audio
oneshot
vold和bootsound分别是两个服务的名称,/system/bin/vold和/system /bin/playmp3分别是他们所对应的可执行程序。
socket、user、group、oneshot就是配合服务使用的选项。其中oneshot选项表示该服务只启动一次,而如果没有oneshot选项,
这个可执行程序会一直存在--如果可执行程序被杀死,则会重新启动。
(4) Properties(属性)是系统中使用的一些值,可以进行设置和读取。
setprop ro.FOREGROUND_APP_MEM 1536
setprop ro.VISIBLE_APP_MEM 2048
on property:ro.kernel.qemu=1
start adbd
setprop 用于设置属性,on property可以用于判断属性,这里的属性在整个Android系统运行中都是一致的。
init脚本的关键字可以参考init进程的system/core/init/keyword.h文件。
init.rc的使用方法,可以参考说明文件system/core/init/readme.txt
如果想要修改启动过程只需要修改init.c(system/core/init)或者init.rc里的内容即可.
附录:system/core/init/readme.txt
Android Init Language
---------------------
The Android Init Language consists of four broad classes of statements,
which are Actions, Commands, Services, and Options.
All of these are line-oriented, consisting of tokens separated by
whitespace. The c-style backslash escapes may be used to insert
whitespace into a token. Double quotes may also be used to prevent
whitespace from breaking text into multiple tokens. The backslash,
when it is the last character on a line, may be used for line-folding.
Lines which start with a # (leading whitespace allowed) are comments.
Actions and Services implicitly declare a new section. All commands
or options belong to the section most recently declared. Commands
or options before the first section are ignored.
Actions and Services have unique names. If a second Action or Service
is declared with the same name as an existing one, it is ignored as
an error. (??? should we override instead)
Actions
-------
Actions are named sequences of commands. Actions have a trigger which
is used to determine when the action should occur. When an event
occurs which matches an action's trigger, that action is added to
the tail of a to-be-executed queue (unless it is already on the
queue).
Each action in the queue is dequeued in sequence and each command in
that action is executed in sequence. Init handles other activities
(device creation/destruction, property setting, process restarting)
"between" the execution of the commands in activities.
Actions take the form of:
on <trigger>
<command>
<command>
<command>
Services
--------
Services are programs which init launches and (optionally) restarts
when they exit. Services take the form of:
service <name> <pathname> [ <argument> ]*
<option>
<option>
...
Options
-------
Options are modifiers to services. They affect how and when init
runs the service.
critical
This is a device-critical service. If it exits more than four times in
four minutes, the device will reboot into recovery mode.
disabled
This service will not automatically start with its class.
It must be explicitly started by name.
setenv <name> <value>
Set the environment variable <name> to <value> in the launched process.
socket <name> <type> <perm> [ <user> [ <group> ] ]
Create a unix domain socket named /dev/socket/<name> and pass
its fd to the launched process. <type> must be "dgram" or "stream".
User and group default to 0.
user <username>
Change to username before exec'ing this service.
Currently defaults to root. (??? probably should default to nobody)
Currently, if your process requires linux capabilities then you cannot use
this command. You must instead request the capabilities in-process while
still root, and then drop to your desired uid.
group <groupname> [ <groupname> ]*
Change to groupname before exec'ing this service. Additional
groupnames beyond the (required) first one are used to set the
supplemental groups of the process (via setgroups()).
Currently defaults to root. (??? probably should default to nobody)
oneshot
Do not restart the service when it exits.
class <name>
Specify a class name for the service. All services in a
named class may be started or stopped together. A service
is in the class "default" if one is not specified via the
class option.
onrestart
Execute a Command (see below) when service restarts.
Triggers
--------
Triggers are strings which can be used to match certain kinds
of events and used to cause an action to occur.
boot
This is the first trigger that will occur when init starts
(after /init.conf is loaded)
<name>=<value>
Triggers of this form occur when the property <name> is set
to the specific value <value>.
device-added-<path>
device-removed-<path>
Triggers of these forms occur when a device node is added
or removed.
service-exited-<name>
Triggers of this form occur when the specified service exits.
Commands
--------
exec <path> [ <argument> ]*
Fork and execute a program (<path>). This will block until
the program completes execution. It is best to avoid exec
as unlike the builtin commands, it runs the risk of getting
init "stuck". (??? maybe there should be a timeout?)
export <name> <value>
Set the environment variable <name> equal to <value> in the
global environment (which will be inherited by all processes
started after this command is executed)
ifup <interface>
Bring the network interface <interface> online.
import <filename>
Parse an init config file, extending the current configuration.
hostname <name>
Set the host name.
chdir <directory>
Change working directory.
chmod <octal-mode> <path>
Change file access permissions.
chown <owner> <group> <path>
Change file owner and group.
chroot <directory>
Change process root directory.
class_start <serviceclass>
Start all services of the specified class if they are
not already running.
class_stop <serviceclass>
Stop all services of the specified class if they are
currently running.
domainname <name>
Set the domain name.
insmod <path>
Install the module at <path>
mkdir <path> [mode] [owner] [group]
Create a directory at <path>, optionally with the given mode, owner, and
group. If not provided, the directory is created with permissions 755 and
owned by the root user and root group.
mount <type> <device> <dir> [ <mountoption> ]*
Attempt to mount the named device at the directory <dir>
<device> may be of the form mtd@name to specify a mtd block
device by name.
<mountoption>s include "ro", "rw", "remount", "noatime", ...
setkey
TBD
setprop <name> <value>
Set system property <name> to <value>.
setrlimit <resource> <cur> <max>
Set the rlimit for a resource.
start <service>
Start a service running if it is not already running.
stop <service>
Stop a service from running if it is currently running.
symlink <target> <path>
Create a symbolic link at <path> with the value <target>
sysclktz <mins_west_of_gmt>
Set the system clock base (0 if system clock ticks in GMT)
trigger <event>
Trigger an event. Used to queue an action from another
action.
write <path> <string> [ <string> ]*
Open the file at <path> and write one or more strings
to it with write(2)
Properties
----------
Init updates some system properties to provide some insight into
what it's doing:
init.action
Equal to the name of the action currently being executed or "" if none
init.command
Equal to the command being executed or "" if none.
init.svc.<name>
State of a named service ("stopped", "running", "restarting")
Example init.conf
-----------------
# not complete -- just providing some examples of usage
#
on boot
export PATH /sbin:/system/sbin:/system/bin
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH /system/lib
mkdir /dev
mkdir /proc
mkdir /sys
mount tmpfs tmpfs /dev
mkdir /dev/pts
mkdir /dev/socket
mount devpts devpts /dev/pts
mount proc proc /proc
mount sysfs sysfs /sys
write /proc/cpu/alignment 4
ifup lo
hostname localhost
domainname localhost
mount yaffs2 mtd@system /system
mount yaffs2 mtd@userdata /data
import /system/etc/init.conf
class_start default
service adbd /sbin/adbd
user adb
group adb
service usbd /system/bin/usbd -r
user usbd
group usbd
socket usbd 666
service zygote /system/bin/app_process -Xzygote /system/bin --zygote
socket zygote 666
service runtime /system/bin/runtime
user system
group system
on device-added-/dev/compass
start akmd
on device-removed-/dev/compass
stop akmd
service akmd /sbin/akmd
disabled
user akmd
group akmd
Debugging notes
---------------
By default, programs executed by init will drop stdout and stderr into
/dev/null. To help with debugging, you can execute your program via the
Andoird program logwrapper. This will redirect stdout/stderr into the
Android logging system (accessed via logcat).
For example
service akmd /system/bin/logwrapper /sbin/akmd
ramdisk的制作
2.6内核开始,initrd.img采用cpio压缩,ramdisk.img也一样,使用gunzip解压缩,然后再使用 cpio解包。
1)将ramdisk.img复制其他目录,名称改为ramdisk.img.gz,解压
#gunzip ramdisk.img.gz
//新建一个文件夹ramdisk,进入
#cpio -i -F ../ramdisk.img
这时,可到ramdisk中看看去~
2)修改init.rc,在PATH中加上busybox 路径
//busybox安装在 /data/busybox
## Global environment setup
##
env {
#其中, /data/busybox 为busybox安装路径,bash也是放在其中
PATH /data/busybox:/sbin:/system/sbin:/system/bin
LD_LIBRARY_PATH /system/lib
ANDROID_BOOTLOGO 1
ANDROID_ROOT /system
ANDROID_ASSETS / system/app
ANDROID_DATA /data
EXTERNAL_STORAGE /sdcard
DRM_CONTENT /data/drm/content
HOME / #这个也是新添加环境变量
}
3)重新打包成镜像,并使用新镜像启动emulator
#cpio -i -t -F ../ramdisk.img > list
#cpio -o -H newc -O rd_busybox.img < list
//使用 -ramdisk 参数,指定所使用的镜像文件
#emulator -noskin -ramdisk rd_ramdisk.img
2. 安装busybox及bash
下载地址:http://www.billrocks.org/android_libs/bin/
注:也可自行交叉编译,不过需静态编译。
#adb shell mkdir /data/busybox
#adb push busybox /data/busyobx
#adb push bash /data/busybox
//adb shell,进入android
#cd /data/busyobx
#chmod +x busybox bash
#./busybox --install //将程序安装在当前目录下
//重启emulator,进入bash
bash-3.2# export
declare -x ANDROID_ASSETS="/system/app"
declare -x ANDROID_BOOTLOGO="1"
declare -x ANDROID_DATA="/data"
declare -x ANDROID_ROOT="/system"
declare -x DRM_CONTENT="/data/drm/content"
declare -x EXTERNAL_STORAGE="/sdcard"
declare -x HOME="/"
declare -x LD_LIBRARY_PATH="/system/lib"
declare -x OLDPWD
declare -x PATH="/data/busybox:/sbin:/system/sbin:/system/bin"
declare -x PWD="/data/bin/tst"
declare -x SHLVL="1"
注:在1中修改 init.rc 增加的环境变量及路径已经生效。
有时候希望在启动后做点事情,比如在sdcard上建立目录,修改/data的访问权限等,这些都可以放在init.rc中去完成,那么如何来完成呢,最近由于工作的需要,在这方面进行了一些研究,特写于此,供大家参考。
通过下面的例子来讲述,实现一个功能:在android系统启动后,修改/data的访问权限为770.
共4步:1、解压ramdisk.img 2、用c语言完成要实现的功能 3、修改init.rc,启动c语言可执行程序 4、制作ramdisk.img
1、解压ramdisk.img:
解压、修改Android的ramdisk.img的手动方法:
将ramdisk.img复制一份到任何其他目录下,将其名称改为ramdisk.img.gz,并使用命令
gunzip ramdisk.img.gz
然后新建一个文件夹,叫ramdisk吧,进入,输入命令
cpio -i -F ../ramdisk.img
这下,你就能看见并操作ramdisk里面的内容了。
此步可参考:http://blog.csdn.net/liushaogeng/archive/2010/10/14/5941259.aspx
2、完成一个C语言程序chpermission.c,来实现修改权限的功能。代码如下:
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
system("chmod 700 /data");
return 0;
}
然后编译此程序,不过需要编译为android下的可执行程序,可参考我的博客:http://blog.csdn.net/liushaogeng/archive/2010/09/01/5855925.aspx ,采用博客中介绍的两种方法均可以。
编译完后将可执行文件push到模拟器的/data目录中去:
#adb push chpermission /data
3、 修改ramdisk目录下init.rc文件,让其启动 chpermission程序, 增加以下代码:
#add by me on 2010-10-18
service chpermission /data/ chpermission
oneshot
用于启动 chpermission,完成相应的功能--修改data权限。
init.rc的语法可参考博客: http://blog.csdn.net/liushaogeng/archive/2010/10/18/5949244.aspx
4、制作ramdisk.img,
init.rc修改之后,可以使用下列命令重新打包成镜像
cpio -i -t -F ../ramdisk.img > list
cpio -o -H newc -O lk.img < list
当前目录下生成的lk.img就是我们的新镜像了。
可参考博客: http://blog.csdn.net/liushaogeng/archive/2010/10/14/5941259.aspx
将ramdisk.img拷贝到sdk指向的目录。
全部ok,重启自己的模拟器,查看data权限是否为770.
Squid 中 refresh_pattern 的作用
用于确定一个页面进入cache后,它在cache中停留的时间。refresh_pattern 规则仅仅应用到没有明确过时期限的响应。原始服务器能使 用 Expires 头部,或者 Cache-Control:max-age 指令来指定过时期限 ,只要没有在设置 override-expire。
语法:
refresh_pattern [-i] regexp min percent max [options]
min 参数是分钟数量。它是过时响应的最低时间限制。如果某个响应驻留在 cache 里的时间没有超过这个最低限制,那么它不会过期。类似的,max 参数是存活响应的最高时间限制。如果某个响应驻留在 cache 里的时间高于这个最高限制,那么它必须被刷新。
在最低和最高时间限制之间的响应,会面对 squid 的最后修改系数 LM-factor 算法 LM-factor=(response age)/(resource age)。对这样的响应,squid 计算响应的年龄和最后修改系数,然后将它作为百分比值进行比较。响应年龄简单的就是从原始服务器产生,或最后一次验证响应后,经历的时间数量。源年龄在 Last-Modified 和 Date头 部之间是不同的。LM-factor 是响应年龄与源年龄的比率。这个基本不用详细了解,这是不是一个精确控制过期的参数,如果要精确控制过期,就不要使用这个。
Refresh_pattern 有14个参数
我讲讲常用的几个参数的意思
override-expire
该选项导致 squid 在检查 Expires 之前,先检查 min 值。这样,一个非零的 min 时间让 squid 返回一个未确认的 cache 命中,即使该响应准备过期。
override-lastmod
改选项导致 squid 在检查 LM-factor 百分比之前先检查min ,它生效在expire 之后
reload-into-ims
该选项让 squid 在确认请求里,以 no-cache 指令传送一个请求。换句话说,squid 在转发请求之前,对该请求增加一个 If-Modified- Since 头部。注意这点仅仅在目标有 Last-Modified 时间戳时才能工作。外面进来的请求保留 no-cache 指令,以便它到达原始服务器。
一般情况可以使用 reload-into-ims。它其实是强行控制对象的超时时间,这违反了http协议的精神,但是在带宽较窄的场合,可以提高明显系统相应时间。
举例:
refresh_pattern -i \.css$ 1440 50% 129600 reload-into-ims
refresh_pattern -i \.xml$ 1440 50% 129600 reload-into-ims
refresh_pattern -i \.html$ 1440 90% 129600 reload-into-ims-
refresh_pattern -i \.shtml$ 1440 90% 129600 reload-into-ims
refresh_pattern -i \.hml$ 1440 90% 129600 reload-into-ims
refresh_pattern -i \.jpg$ 1440 90% 129600 reload-into-ims
refresh_pattern -i \.png$ 1440 90% 129600 reload-into-ims
refresh_pattern -i \.gif$ 1440 90% 129600 ignore-reload
refresh_pattern -i \.bmp$ 1440 90% 129600 reload-into-ims
refresh_pattern -i \.js$ 1440 90% 129600 reload-into-ims
ignore-reload
该选项导致 squid 忽略请求里的任何 no-cache 指令。
所以。如果希望内容一进入 cache 就不删除,直到被主动 purge 掉为止,可以加上 ignore-reload 选项,这个我们常用在mp3,wma,wmv,gif之类。
Examples:
refresh_pattern -i \.mp3$ 1440 50% 2880 ignore-reload
refresh_pattern -i \.wmv$ 1440 50% 2880 ignore-reload
refresh_pattern -i \.rm$ 1440 50% 2880 ignore-reload
refresh_pattern -i \.swf$ 1440 50% 2880 ignore-reload
refresh_pattern -i \.mpeg$ 1440 50% 2880 ignore-reload
refresh_pattern -i \.wma$ 1440 50% 2880 ignore-reload
ignore-no-cache
该选项导致 Squid 强制忽略从源站而来的“Pragma: no-cache”和“Cache-control: no-cache”
ignore-private
该选项导致 Squid 强制忽略从源站而来的“Cache-control: private”
ignore-auth:强制将一个请求认为是源站发送的带有“Cache-control: public”
ignore-auth
该选项导致 Squid 强制将一个请求认为是源站发送的带有“Cache-control: public”
Refresh_pattern percent 的计算
resource age =对象进入cache的时间-对象的last_modified
response age =当前时间-对象进入cache的时间
LM-factor=(response age)/(resource age)
举个例子,这里只考虑percent, 不考虑min 和max
例如:refresh_pattern 20%
假设源服务器上www.aaa.com/index.htm —–lastmodified 是 2007-04-10 02:00:00
squid上 proxy.aaa.com/index.htm index.htm进入cache的时间 2007-04-10 03:00:00
1)如果当前时间 2007-04-10 03:00:00
resource age =3点-2点=60分钟
response age =0分钟
index.htm还可以在cache停留的时间(resource age)*20%=12分钟
也就是说,index.htm进入cache后,可以停留12分钟,才被重新确认。
2)如果当前时间 2007-04-10 03:05:00
resource age =3点-2点=60分钟
response age =5分钟
index.htm还可以在cache停留的时间(resource age)*20%=12分钟-5=7
LM-factor=5/60=8.3%<20%
一直到2007-04-10 03:12:00 LM-factor=12/60=20% 之后,cache中的页面index.htm终于stale。
如果这时没有 index.htm 的请求,index.htm 会一直在缓存中,如果有 index.htm 请求,squid 收到该请求后,由于已经过期, squid 会向源服务器发一个 index.htm 是否有改变的请求,源服务器收到后,如果 index.htm 没有更新,squid 就不用更新缓存,直接把 缓存的内容放回给客户端,同时,重置对象进入 cache 的时间为与源服务器确认的时间,比如 2007-04-10 03:13:00,如果正好在这个后重新确认了页面。重置后,resource age 变长,相应在 cache 中存活的时间也变长。
如果有改变则把最新的 index.htm 返回给 squid,squid 收到会更新缓存,然后把新的 index.htm 返回给客户端,同时根据新页面 中的Last_Modified 和取页面的时间,重新计算 resource age,进一步计算出存活时间。
实际上,一个页面进入 cache 后,他的存活时间就确定了,即 (resource age) * 百分比,一直到被重新确认。
转